1) The global response to climate change includes the Paris Agreement, an international treaty aiming to limit global warming and strengthen countries' efforts to address climate change through mitigation and adaptation strategies.

2) Mountains are formed through various geological processes, including tectonic plate movements, volcanic activity, and erosion.

3) The concept of political parties allows for organized groups to mobilize support, articulate policy positions, and compete for political power through elections and political campaigns.

4) The concept of reinsurance, which is insurance for insurance companies, originated in the 17th century.